New approach for treating autoimmune diseases is discovered

Calgary, AB – Researchers at the University of Calgary have published a study into nanomedicines that will target specific cells without compromising immunity. The study, led by Dr. Pere Santamaria, a professor in the university’s Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, and member of the university’s Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, could change the way researchers understand and treat autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

The complexities of these diseases have made it very difficult to develop treatments that can stop disease without impairing normal immunity. Using animal models and human cells in animal models, researchers at the university’s Cumming School of Medicine have discovered a novel mechanism that stops the immune attack, and have developed a new class of drugs that harnesses this mechanism to treat various autoimmune diseases without compromising the entire immune system. The study is published in the February edition of the journal Nature.

“This discovery is significant because we now know how to stop autoimmune diseases in a highly specific manner without compromising immunity in general,” said Dr. Santamaria.

More than 80 autoimmune diseases affect humans. In these diseases, white blood cells, normally responsible for warding off foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, sometimes mistakenly attack the body’s own “good” cells, causing their destruction. Each specific autoimmune disease results from an attack against thousands of individual protein fragments in the targeted organ, such as the insulin-producing pancreatic cells in the case of type 1 diabetes.

Dr. Santamaria’s study shows that nanoparticles, decorated with protein targets acting as “bait” for disease-causing white blood cells, can be used to reprogram the cells to suppress the disease they would otherwise cause. This new class of drugs (nanomedicines called Navacims) exploits a naturally occurring process, previously unknown to science, that is wired into our immune system to protect us against autoimmune disease.

The research team has shown that this mechanism, and the nanomedicines that exploit it, can be applied to several, and potentially all, autoimmune diseases in animals, by simply changing the bait on the nanoparticles. The study also shows that this mechanism operates in animals transplanted with human white blood cells, which essentially responded to the corresponding nanomedicines like their mouse counterparts.

Current drugs for treating autoimmune diseases have no way of distinguishing rogue white blood cells from normal ones and as a result, drugs used to treat these diseases also suppress normal immunity, leaving the patient susceptible to other illnesses.

“Imagine if you wanted to stop a war,” said Dr. Santamaria. “You would probably want to take out the entire army, which is what current drugs try to do.” He notes that this new class of drugs deals with this problem from a completely different perspective. “Rather than taking soldiers out, our drugs trick a single soldier into becoming the ‘traitor’ that takes out the army general.” He adds, “Without the general, the army ceases to operate and the war ends.”

The new drugs arising from this study are currently being developed for the treatment of specific human autoimmune diseases by Parvus Therapeutics, Inc., a biotechnology company Dr. Santamaria founded along with Innovate Calgary.

Dr. Santamaria is chair of the Julia McFarlane Diabetes Researcher Centre at the University of Calgary. He is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and a member of the Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases in the Cumming School of Medicine. He is also group leader at Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, which also played a critical role in the study.

The study was funded by The Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Diabetes Association, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, the Diabetes Research Foundation, the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, the Brawn Family Foundation, the National Research Council of Canada-Industrial Research Assistance Program, and the Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Carlos III form the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.